Follicular Lesions with Papillary Nuclear Characteristics: Differences in Chromatin Detected by Computerized Image Analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Follicular lesions of the thyroid with papillary carcinoma nuclear characteristics are classified as infiltrative follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma-FVPTC (IFVPTC), encapsulated/well demarcated FVPTC with tumour capsular invasion (IEFVPTC), and the newly described category "non-invasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features" (NIFTP) formerly known as non-invasive encapsulated FVPTC. This study evaluated whether computerized image analysis can detect nuclear differences between these three tumour subtypes. METHODS: Slides with histological material from 15 cases of NIFTP and 33 cases of FVPTC subtypes (22 IEFVPTC, and 11 IFVPTC) were analyzed using the Image J image processing program. Tumour cells were compared for both nuclear morphometry and chromatin textural characteristics. RESULTS: Nuclei from NIFTP and IFVPTC tumours differed in terms of chromatin textural features (grey intensity): mean (92.37 ± 21.01 vs 72.99 ± 14.73, p = 0.02), median (84.93 ± 21.17 vs 65.18 ± 17.08, p = 0.02), standard deviation (47.77 ± 9.55 vs 39.39 ± 7.18; p = 0.02), and coefficient of variation of standard deviation (19.96 ± 4.01 vs 24.75 ± 3.31; p = 0.003). No differences were found in relation to IEFVPTC. CONCLUSION: Computerized image analysis revealed differences in nuclear texture between NIFTP and IFVPTC, but not for IEFVPTC.

Thyroglobulin levels and thyroglobulin/thyrotropin ratio could predict the success of the ablative/therapeutic 131I in the differentiated thyroid cancers.

BACKGROUND: Stimulated thyroglobulin (STg) levels in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinomas (DTCs) after total thyroidectomy (TT) and before radioactive iodine (131I) ablation/therapy (RIT) are predictive of therapeutic success but can be influenced by the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level. OBJECTIVES: This study compared the reliability of the STg/TSH ratio and STg measurement in predicting the success of RIT. METHODS: Sixty-three DTC patients submitted to TT were assessed retrospectively to compare the ability of STg level and the STg/TSH ratio to predict successful RIT. RESULTS: In this study 48 (76.2%) patients had successful RIT. The successful and unsuccessful groups received different 131I doses and had different STg levels and STg/TSH ratios. The STg and STg/TSH ratio cutoff values that predicted successful RIT were 4.41 ng/mL (sensitivity of 86.7% and specificity of 77%) and 0.093 (sensitivity of 80% and specificity of 79.2%), respectively. Age, STg level, STg/TSH ratio, and 131I dose were associated with successful RIT, but after multivariate analysis only STg remained associated (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: In conclusion, our data suggest that the STg/TSH ratio and measurement of STg are equally reliable in predicting successful RIT in DTC patients.

Pharyngoesophageal diverticulum: evaluation of treatment results.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the postoperative outcome of patients with pharyngoesophageal diverticulum submitted to surgical and endoscopic treatments. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 36 patients with pharyngo-esophageal diverticulum treated at the Hospital of the Medical School of Botucatu - UNESP. Patients were divided into two groups, depending on the treatment: group 1 (n = 24): diverticulectomy associated myotomy through a left cervicotomy; group 2 (n = 12): endoscopic diverticulostomy with linear stapler. RESULTS: Operative mortality was zero in both groups. Early complications: group 1 - two patients developed cervical fistula and two, hoarseness; group 2 - none. Late complications: group 1 - none; group 2: recurrence of dysphagia in four patients (p = .01). Mean follow-up was 33 months for group 1 and 28 months for group 2. CONCLUSION: Both procedures were effective in remission of dysphagia. Surgical treatment showed superiority to endoscopy, with resolution of dysphagia with a single procedure. Endoscopic treatment should be reserved for the elderly and those with comorbidities.

Divertículo faringoesofagiano: avaliação dos resultados do tratamento / Pharyngoesophageal diverticulum: evaluation of treatment results

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a evolução pós-operatória de pacientes com divertículo faringoesofagiano submetidos aos tratamentos cirúrgico e endoscópico. MÉTODOS: Foram analisados de maneira retrospectiva 36 pacientes com divertículo faringo-esofagiano atendidos no Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu - UNESP. Os pacientes foram distribuídos em dois grupos, na dependência do tratamento: grupo 1 (n=24) - diverticulectomia associada á miotomia do cricofaríngeo, através de cervicotomia esquerda; grupo 2 (n=12) - diverticulostomia endoscópica usando grampeador linear. RESULTADOS: A mortalidade operatória foi nula em ambos os grupos. Complicações precoces: grupo 1 - dois pacientes desenvolveram fistula cervical e outros dois, rouquidão; grupo 2 - sem complicações. Complicações tardias: grupo 1 - sem complicações: grupo 2: recidiva da disfagia em quatro pacientes (p=0,01). O seguimento médio foi 33 meses para o grupo 1 e 28 meses para o grupo 2. CONCLUSÃO: Os dois procedimentos foram eficazes na remissão da disfagia. O tratamento cirúrgico apresentou superioridade em relação ao endoscópico, com resolução da disfagia com um único procedimento. O tratamento endoscópico deve ser reservado para os mais idosos e portadores de comorbidades.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the postoperative outcome of patients with pharyngoesophageal diverticulum submitted to surgical and endoscopic treatments. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 36 patients with pharyngo-esophageal diverticulum treated at the Hospital of the Medical School of Botucatu - UNESP. Patients were divided into two groups, depending on the treatment: group 1 (n = 24): diverticulectomy associated myotomy through a left cervicotomy; group 2 (n = 12): endoscopic diverticulostomy with linear stapler. RESULTS: Operative mortality was zero in both groups. Early complications: group 1- two patients developed cervical fistula and two, hoarseness; group 2 - none. Late complications: group 1 - none; group 2: recurrence of dysphagia in four patients (p = .01). Mean follow-up was 33 months for group 1 and 28 months for group 2. CONCLUSION: Both procedures were effective in remission of dysphagia. Surgical treatment showed superiority to endoscopy, with resolution of dysphagia with a single procedure. Endoscopic treatment should be reserved for the elderly and those with comorbidities.

Comparative study of the behavior of p53 immunoexpression in smoking associated lesions: Reinke's edema and laryngeal carcinoma.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the behavior of the immunoexpression of protein p53 in Reinke's edema and laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. STUDY DESIGN: retrospective. METHODS: we recovered the histological paraffin blocks of patients who were subjected to Reinke's edema and laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma surgery in 2000-2011. The paraffin blocks were cut into 3-µm sections; the specimens were prepared in silanized slides (one slide for each paraffin block) and subjected to immunohistochemical reaction according to the Avidin Biotin Peroxidase method. Monoclonal primary anti-p53 antibodies were used at 1:50 dilution. Slides were examined under a light microscope at different magnitudes and results were interpreted based on the degree of brown staining in the nuclei of epithelial cells and in the extent of the fragment by using a semi-quantitative score from 0 to 3. RESULTS: 67 slides of Reinke's edema and 60 slides of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma were included. Scores 2 and 3 for staining of the nuclei of epithelial cells were recorded for 46 slides of Reinke's edema (68.65%) and for 57 slides of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (95%). As to the extent of the fragment, scores 2 and 3 were recorded for 74% slides of Reinke's edema and for 95% slides of carcinomas. CONCLUSION: the positive immunoexpression for protein p53, positive in 95% carcinomas and 74% Reinke's edemas, makes us aware of the possible preneoplastic condition of the latter lesion. Further studies are needed to identify and reveal the genetic changes that lead to these results.

Second primary tumors in patients with head and neck cancer.

This is a review on second primary tumors in patients with head and neck cancer. These patients have a high risk of developing other cancers simultaneously or subsequently. The incidence of multiple primary tumors in this population can be as high as 27%. Recurrences are the most common cause of treatment failure within the first 2 years of follow-up. After the third year the diagnosis of a second primary tumor becomes the most important cause of morbimortality in head and neck cancer patients, especially in those treated for cancers early diagnosed. Most second primary tumors occur in the upper aerodigestive tract (40%-59%), lung (31%-37.5%), and esophagus (9%-44%). Patients who develop second primary tumor have a significant reduction of survival expectancy.

Rouquidão após intubação traqueal / Hoarseness after tracheal intubation

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Descrever as principais causas de rouquidão após intubação traqueal. CONTEUDO: A rouquidão após intubação traqueal é um dos sintomas mais freqüentes no pós-operatório, podendo apresentar durações variáveis, dependendo dos fatores causais e da gravidade do comprometimento das estruturas da laringe. Foi realizada uma breve revisão das estruturas anatômicas da laringe, em que foram descritas as principais lesões traumáticas desse órgão, decorrentes da intubação traqueal e salientou-se a importância dos seus cuidados, bem como do diagnóstico e tratamento precoces. CONCLUSÕES: As lesões traumáticas das estruturas da laringe durante a intubação são causas freqüentes de rouquidão, sendo importante o diagnóstico precoce e a adoção de medidas preventivas.

[Hoarseness after tracheal intubation.]. / Rouquidão após intubação traqueal.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: To describe the main causes of hoarseness after undergoing tracheal intubation. CONTENTS: Hoarseness is one of the most common postoperatory symptoms after tracheal intubation and the effects vary in terms of duration, depending on the factors that caused it and on how severe the damage to the laryngeal structures. This study performed a brief check-up of the anatomical structures of the larynx, describing the main traumatic lesions in the region following tracheal intubation. It also emphasized the importance of caring for the larynx, as well as undergoing early diagnosis and treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Traumatic lesions of the laryngeal structures that occur during intubation are the most common causes of hoarseness. As such, it is important to perform an early diagnosis and adopt preventive measures.

Efeitos da pressão limite (25 cmH2O) e mínima de "selo" do balonete de tubos traqueais sobre a mucosa traqueal do cão / Effects of tracheal tube cuff limit pressure (25 cmH2O) and “Seal” Pressure on Tracheal Mucosa of Dogs

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: As lesões da mucosa traqueal em contato com o balonete do tubo traqueal são proporcionais à pressão exercida pelo balonete e ao tempo de exposição. O objetivo foi estudar as eventuais lesões da mucosa do segmento traqueal em contato com o balonete do tubo traqueal insuflado com volume de ar suficiente para se obter pressão de "selo" ou com a pressão limite de 25 cmH2O, abaixo da pressão crítica de 30 cm de água para produção de lesão da mucosa traqueal. MÉTODO: Dezesseis cães foram submetidos à anestesia venosa e ventilação artificial. Os cães foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em dois grupos de acordo com a pressão no balonete do tubo traqueal (Portex Blue-Line, Inglaterra): Gselo (n = 8) balonete com pressão mínima de "selo" para impedir vazamento de ar durante a respiração artificial; G25 (n = 8) balonete insuflado até obtenção da pressão de 25 cmH2O. A medida da pressão do balonete foi realizada por meio de manômetro digital no início (controle) e após 60, 120 e 180 minutos. Após o sacrifício dos cães, foram feitas biópsias nas áreas da mucosa traqueal adjacentes ao balonete e ao tubo traqueal para análise à microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). RESULTADOS: A pressão média do balonete em G25 manteve-se entre 24,8 e 25 cmH2O e em Gselo entre 11,9 e 12,5 cmH2O durante o experimento. As alterações à MEV foram pequenas e não significantemente diferentes nos grupos (p > 0,30), mas ocorreram lesões mais intensas nas áreas de contato da mucosa traqueal com o balonete do tubo traqueal, nos dois grupos, em relação às áreas da mucosa adjacentes ou não ao tubo traqueal (p < 0,05). CONCLUSÕES: No cão, nas condições experimentais empregadas, a insuflação do balonete de tubo traqueal em volume de ar suficiente para determinar pressão limite de 25 cmH2O ou de "selo" para impedir vazamento de ar determina lesões mínimas da mucosa traqueal em contato com o balonete e sem diferença significante entre elas.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Injuries of tracheal mucosain contact with tracheal tube cuff is a function of cuff pressureand exposure time. This study aimed at analyzing injuriesof tracheal mucosa in contact with tracheal tube cuff inflated toreach “seal” pressure or limit 25 cmH2O pressure, below critical30 cmH2O, to prevent tracheal damage. METHODS: This study involved 16 dogs submitted to intravenousanesthesia and artificial ventilation. Dogs were randomlydistributed into two experimental groups according to trachealtube cuff pressure (Portex Blue Line, UK): Gseal (n = 8) cuff withminimum “seal” pressure to prevent air leakage during artificialventilation; G25 (n=8) cuff inflated to 25 cmH2O. Cuff pressurewas measured with a digital manometer at the beginning of theexperiment (control) and 60, 120 and 180 minutes later. Animalswere sacrificed and tracheal mucosa areas adjacent to thetracheal tube cuff were biopsed by scanning electronic microscopy(SEM). RESULTS: Mean cuff pressure was maintained between 24.8and 25 cmH2O inG25 and between 11.9 and 12.5 cmH2O inGseal.SEM changes were mild and not significantly different betweengroups (p > 0.30), with more severe injuries to tracheal areas incontact with the cuff as compared to areas adjacent or not to trachealtube (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In dogs under our experimental conditions,tracheal tube cuff inflation to 25 cmH2O limit or to “seal” pressureto prevent air leakage has determined minor injuries to thetracheal mucosa in contact with tracheal tube cuff, without significantdifferences between groups.

[Effects of tracheal tube cuff limit pressure (25 cmH2O) and "seal" pressure on tracheal mucosa of dogs.]. / Efeitos da pressão limite (25 cmH2O) e mínima de "selo" do balonete de tubos traqueais sobre a mucosa traqueal do cão.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Injuries of tracheal mucosa in contact with tracheal tube cuff is a function of cuff pressure and exposure time. This study aimed at analyzing injuries of tracheal mucosa in contact with tracheal tube cuff inflated to reach "seal" pressure or limit 25 cmH2O pressure, below critical 30 cmH2O, to prevent tracheal damage. METHODS: This study involved 16 dogs submitted to intravenous anesthesia and artificial ventilation. Dogs were randomly distributed into two experimental groups according to tracheal tube cuff pressure (Portex Blue Line, UK): Gseal (n = 8) cuff with minimum "seal" pressure to prevent air leakage during artificial ventilation; G25 (n=8) cuff inflated to 25 cmH2O. Cuff pressure was measured with a digital manometer at the beginning of the experiment (control) and 60, 120 and 180 minutes later. Animals were sacrificed and tracheal mucosa areas adjacent to the tracheal tube cuff were biopsed by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). RESULTS: Mean cuff pressure was maintained between 24.8 and 25 cmH2O in G25 and between 11.9 and 12.5 cmH2O in Gseal. SEM changes were mild and not significantly different between groups (p > 0.30), with more severe injuries to tracheal areas in contact with the cuff as compared to areas adjacent or not to tracheal tube (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In dogs under our experimental conditions, tracheal tube cuff inflation to 25 cmH2O limit or to "seal" pressure to prevent air leakage has determined minor injuries to the tracheal mucosa in contact with tracheal tube cuff, without significant differences between groups.